Distemper is a type of paint that has been used for centuries as a decorative and protective coating for walls, ceilings, and other surfaces. It is composed of various ingredients, including pigments, binders, and fillers, which are mixed together to create a smooth and durable finish. Preparation of Distemper:The preparation...
Compaction equipment refers to machinery used in construction and civil engineering projects to compress or compact different types of materials, such as soil, asphalt, concrete, and gravel. These machines are essential for achieving the desired density and stability of the ground or surface being worked on. There are various types...
Cavity walls are a type of wall construction that consists of two separate layers or leaves with a gap or cavity between them. The outer leaf is typically made of brick or stone, while the inner leaf is usually constructed using concrete blocks or bricks. This design creates an air-filled...
The stairs are classified as follows:- (i) Straight stairs (ii) Turning stairs (a) Quarter turn stairs (b) Half turn stairs (c) Three-quarter turn stairs (d) Bifurcated stair. (iii) Circular or helical or spiral stairs. (i) Straight stairs: In a straight staircase, all the steps lead in one direction. It is...
Tension members are structural elements that are primarily designed to carry tensile forces or loads. These members are subjected to axial tension, which means that the forces acting on them are pulling them apart along their longitudinal axis. Tension members play a crucial role in various structures, such as bridges,...
Dampness in buildings can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from external weather conditions to internal design and construction issues. Here are some of the most common causes of dampness in buildings: 1. Exterior Weather Conditions: Rain, snow, and high humidity can all contribute to dampness in buildings. Water...
Following are the major components:- 1) Step: It is the combination of tread and rise. 2) Rise: The vertical height between two treads is known as rise. 3) Tread: The horizontal upper portion of the step on which the foot is placed for ascending and descending is known as tread....
S.No. Brick Masonry Stone Masonry 1. They are of uniform shape and size. They are not of uniform shape and size 2. They are light in weight. They are heavy. 3. They do not require any dressing. They require dressing. 4. Bricks are easily available. Stones are not easily available....
The formwork is also known as temporary structure used in the construction work. The term ‘formwork’ refers to a temporary mould for the structure into which concrete is placed and formed so that it can harden and mature to the required shape. In building work, the cost of formwork is upto...
The earthquake resistant buildings are planned in the following ways: (i) Symmetry: The building as a whole or its individual blocks should be kept symmetrical about both axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is very dangerous; symmetry is also desirable in the arrangement and size of door and...
Difference between PERT and CPM : S.No. PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) CPM (Critical Path Method) 1. PERT is a project management technique, used to manage uncertain (i.e. time is unknown) activities of a project. CPM is that technique of project management which is used to manage only certain...
Location of Doors and Windows: (i) The number of doors should be kept to a minimum for each room, as a greater number will cause obstruction and reduce the utility of the accommodation. The location and size of the door should be based on functional requirements. (ii) The location of...
Causes of Water logging are: (i) Seepage of water through canals: Seepage of water through the bed and sides of adjacent canals, reservoirs, etc., which are higher than the affected land, results in a high water table. If the soil at the site of canals, reservoirs, etc. is highly permeable,...
The bearing capacity of soil refers to its ability to support the load applied to it without experiencing excessive settlement or failure. It is an essential consideration in civil engineering and construction projects, as it determines the maximum load that can be safely supported by the soil. Soil Types and...
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) method is a widely used test for evaluating the strength and bearing capacity of flexible pavements. It is a measure of the relative strength of a subgrade soil or aggregate base course material compared to that of a standard crushed stone base. The CBR method...
