Strap Footing A strap footing, also known as a combined footing, is a type of foundation that is used to support two or more columns in close proximity to each other. It is designed to distribute the load from the supported columns over a wider area of soil to prevent...
A raft foundation, also known as a mat foundation, is a type of foundation that is used to distribute the load of a structure over a large area. It is commonly used when the soil has low bearing capacity or when the loads from the structure are expected to be...
The constant head permeability test is a laboratory test used to determine the permeability of a soil sample. Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to allow water to flow through it. This test is commonly conducted in geotechnical engineering and hydrogeology to assess the suitability of soils for...
Soils are formed by a combination of five main factors: parent material, climate, organisms, topography, and time. Let’s take a closer look at each of these factors: Understanding these factors can help us appreciate the complexity and diversity of soils around the world. Soil scientists study these elements to classify...
Compaction test of soil is carried out using Proctor’s test to understand compaction characteristics of different soils with change in moisture content. Compaction of soil is the optimal moisture content at which a given soil type becomes most dense and achieve its maximum dry density by removal of air voids. Proctor...
The angle of internal friction (ϕ) and cohesion (c) are the two important parameters that determine the shear strength of soils. The cohesion measures the ionic attraction and chemical cementation between soil particles, and the angle of internal friction shows the amount of friction and interlocking that exists among soil...
Clay minerals are formed through the weathering and decomposition of various rocks and minerals over long periods of time. The unique structure of clay minerals consists of tiny, layered plates stacked on top of each other, which gives them their characteristic properties. There are several types of clay minerals, including...
Foundation settlement refers to the downward movement or sinking of a building’s foundation into the soil on which it is built. This can occur due to various factors, including soil conditions, construction practices, and environmental changes. Understanding the causes, types, and preventive measures of foundation settlement is crucial for ensuring...
Seepage velocity: The velocity of water obtained using the total cross-sectional area of the soil is known as discharge velocity or superficial velocity. Since water flows only through voids and not through the total cross-sectional area, the actual velocity of water is much higher than the discharge velocity, that is...
Soils are formed by two factors: a) Physical disintegration b) Chemical decomposition of rocks i) Physical Disintegration: Physical disintegration of mechanical weathering of rocks. ii) Chemical Decomposition: These chemical processes play a crucial role in the formation of different types of soil and the availability of nutrients for plant growth.
Compaction and Consolidation: Understanding the Differences and Their Importance in Geotechnical Engineering Compaction and consolidation are two fundamental processes that occur in soils and rocks under the influence of external forces. While they share some similarities, they have distinct differences in terms of their mechanisms, effects, and applications in geotechnical...
Terzaghi’s analysis and assumptions refer to the work of Karl Terzaghi, a renowned civil engineer and geotechnical engineer. Terzaghi made significant contributions to the field of soil mechanics and is considered one of the pioneers in this discipline. Terzaghi’s analysis primarily focuses on the behavior of soils under different loading...
Compaction equipment refers to machinery used in construction and civil engineering projects to compress or compact different types of materials, such as soil, asphalt, concrete, and gravel. These machines are essential for achieving the desired density and stability of the ground or surface being worked on. There are various types...
The bearing capacity of soil refers to its ability to support the load applied to it without experiencing excessive settlement or failure. It is an essential consideration in civil engineering and construction projects, as it determines the maximum load that can be safely supported by the soil. Soil Types and...
# Void ratio describes the relation between the free space between loose particles. # Porosity describes the void directly at the surface of a particle. Void ratio Voids ratio (e) of a given soil sample is the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of soil solids in...
