Asbestos cement pipe——————————————————simplex joint (USE- installed in water systems) Galvanized Iron pipe(G.I pipe)——————————————-screwed joint (USE-conveying raw water & distribution of treated water in majority of rural water supply schemes) Cast Iron pipe—————————————————————spigot and socket joint (USE-for soil disposal because it is highly resistant to the grinding and abrasions) Plain ended pipes subjected...
Electricity is a fundamental concept in physics and plays a crucial role in our everyday lives. It is a form of energy resulting from the movement of charged particles, such as electrons. Understanding the basics of electricity is essential for comprehending various electrical phenomena and applications. Electric Charge: Electricity is...
The United Nations is a world organization formed on 24th October,1945. It came into existence after World War II, when the leaders of the world, including American President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, decided to create a world organization that would help in providing peace. In UNO there were...
S.NO. Working Stress Method(WSM) Limit State Method(LSM) 1. Follow Hooks law i.e. stress-strain diagram is linear. Does not follow Hooks law, hence stress-strain diagram is non linear. 2. All tensile stresses are taken by steel only and not by concrete. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored. 3. Factor of...
Brick Information in Detail: Bricks are the basic material used for wall construction and can be mold into required shape and size. Ingredients used in first class bricks are:- Silica— A good brick earth should contain 50% to 60%. It imparts uniform shape to the brick. It prevents raw bricks...
Theories: New Mark— shows that influence chart for stress distribution in irregularly shaped areas. NewMark’s influence chart is based on the concept of the vertical stress below the centre of the circular area. Westergaard—shows stress distribution due to point load in an anisotropic medium. Westergaard assumed that an elastic soil...
Group Index of Soil in Highway construction Group Index(G.I) of soil is used to classify the fine grained soils and for checking their suitability as highway subgrade material. It assigned a particular group to a soil. The quality of a subgrade soil is inversely proportional to G.I., means higher G.I...
S.No. Stiffness method Flexibility method 1 Stiffness method is used to study both statically determinate and indeterminate structures. It requires a different procedure to study both statically determinate and indeterminate structures. 2 This method yields displacements and forces directly. In this method, the displacements are not obtained directly, so it...
The modes of failure of gravity dam are:- OverTurning or Rotation about toe:- When the resultant force acting at any section if it passes outside the toe, the dam shall rotate or overturn about the toe. In other words, it means that if horizontal forces dominate over vertical forces the...
Important questions related to Environmental engineering The gases which are generally evolved during anaerobic decomposition of sewage are CO2+ NH3+ H2S + CH4 The deviation from the ideal flow of wastewater in the sedimentation tank causes short circuiting. It results in variation in the detention period in the top and...
Important Notes related to concrete technology: Segregation is the proper distribution of constituent materials of concrete i.e. the materials are showing the separation from each other(means binding property is not followed properly). Hence concrete having segregation property is weak in compressive strength, show poor quality concrete and reduction of desirable...
Duty of Crops (D) The amount of water(i.e. 1cumec of discharge) available for the crop for full growth during the entire base period is called duty. Suppose we are giving 5 cumecs of discharge for 500 hectares of land for a particular crop then Duty = 500/5 =100 hectares/cumec Here,...
Soil moisture tension(S.M.T) is the force per unit area required by plant to suck the water from the soil. It means that S.M.T is inversely proportional to water content in soil(more the water content less S.M.T required and vice versa) i.e. at field capacity it is easy for plant to...
Water from infiltration galleries-——————–aeration,coagulation,sedimentation and disinfection. Tube well water—————————————————-disinfection. Surfacewater(river or canal)—————–coagulation,flocculation,sedimentation,filtration and disinfection. Pond/Lakewater-—————————————– coagulation, CuSO4 treatment,sedimentation,filtration and disinfection. Blue Baby disease(methemoglobinemia) in children is caused by the presence of excess nitrates and is caused by decreased oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin in babies , resulting in oxygen deficiency...
Chains are made up of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm diameter having number of links in series. The ends of links were bent like loop. The links were connected by three small circular rings. Brass handles were provided on each end of chain with a groove to hold an...
