Under Reamed Pile These piles have one or more bulbs at its lower end. If the bulb is provided lower than the critical depth of moisture movement in expansive soils, the foundation will anchored to the ground and it would not move with the swelling and shrinkage of soil. They...
Compressive Strength of bricks is the load bearing capacity before it ruptures, when subjected to compressive stress. Hard and well burnt bricks have more compressive strength than the porous bricks. The crushing strength is the important factor for bricks, because it decides the suitability of brick for different uses. The...
S.NO. Whole Circle Bearing(WCB) Reduced(Quadrantal) Bearing System 1. Bearings (angles) are taken towards the clockwise direction from magnetic north. Bearing are always taken from magnetic north or south whichever is nearer. 2. Bearings are always taken in a clockwise direction. Bearings are taken in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. 3. Bearings...
Fore Bearing (F.B) i) Fore bearing is the bearing of the line in the forward direction of surveying. ii) The formula used to calculate the fore bearing of the progressive line F.B = B.B ± 180° { + sign when B.B less than 180° and – sign when B.B more...
A good building stone possesses several qualities that make it suitable for construction purposes. These qualities include strength, durability, hardness, resistance to weathering and erosion, appearance, availability, and workability. Each of these qualities plays a crucial role in determining the suitability of a stone for building purposes. Strength is one of...
Unit weight means weight of material per unit volume(1 m3 or 1m x 1m x 1m ). Unit weight of cement : 14.40 KN/m3 Unit weight of Sand :17 KN/m3 Unit weight of Aggregate :15 KN/m3 Unit weight of Brick Masonry :19.20 KN/m3 Unit weight of Brick Stone :20.80 to...
Field Density Test Sand Replacement method Objective:- Determine the in-situ density (in g/cm3 or kg/cm3) of natural or compacted soils using sand replacement method. Necessity of test:- The field density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soils, for the purpose of stability analysis of...
Just read carefully and you will understand :- Dowel bars are inserted and kept fixed at one end and other end in adjacent slab is kept free to expand or contract due to temperature variation by providing a thin coating of bitumen on bars and metallic cap (partly filled with...
Quick Sand Condition Quicksand condition is a condition of flow in which vertical upward seepage flow causes floating condition of particles in cohesionless soils such as sands and fine gravels due to loss of shear strength in between particles. Quicksand is not a type of sand. Here the sand boiling...
Asbestos cement pipe——————————————————simplex joint (USE- installed in water systems) Galvanized Iron pipe(G.I pipe)——————————————-screwed joint (USE-conveying raw water & distribution of treated water in majority of rural water supply schemes) Cast Iron pipe—————————————————————spigot and socket joint (USE-for soil disposal because it is highly resistant to the grinding and abrasions) Plain ended pipes subjected...
S.NO. Working Stress Method(WSM) Limit State Method(LSM) 1. Follow Hooks law i.e. stress-strain diagram is linear. Does not follow Hooks law, hence stress-strain diagram is non linear. 2. All tensile stresses are taken by steel only and not by concrete. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored. 3. Factor of...
Brick Information in Detail: Bricks are the basic material used for wall construction and can be mold into required shape and size. Ingredients used in first class bricks are:- Silica— A good brick earth should contain 50% to 60%. It imparts uniform shape to the brick. It prevents raw bricks...
Theories: New Mark— shows that influence chart for stress distribution in irregularly shaped areas. NewMark’s influence chart is based on the concept of the vertical stress below the centre of the circular area. Westergaard—shows stress distribution due to point load in an anisotropic medium. Westergaard assumed that an elastic soil...
Group Index of Soil in Highway construction Group Index(G.I) of soil is used to classify the fine grained soils and for checking their suitability as highway subgrade material. It assigned a particular group to a soil. The quality of a subgrade soil is inversely proportional to G.I., means higher G.I...
S.No. Stiffness method Flexibility method 1 Stiffness method is used to study both statically determinate and indeterminate structures. It requires a different procedure to study both statically determinate and indeterminate structures. 2 This method yields displacements and forces directly. In this method, the displacements are not obtained directly, so it...
