Field Test on Sand When conducting a field test on sand, there are several aspects to consider, including its composition, behavior under different conditions, and potential applications. Field tests on sand are crucial in various industries such as construction, geotechnical engineering, environmental science, and agriculture. These tests help in understanding...
Cavity walls are a type of wall construction that consists of two separate layers or leaves with a gap or cavity between them. The outer leaf is typically made of brick or stone, while the inner leaf is usually constructed using concrete blocks or bricks. This design creates an air-filled...
The stairs are classified as follows:- (i) Straight stairs (ii) Turning stairs (a) Quarter turn stairs (b) Half turn stairs (c) Three-quarter turn stairs (d) Bifurcated stair. (iii) Circular or helical or spiral stairs. (i) Straight stairs: In a straight staircase, all the steps lead in one direction. It is...
Dampness in buildings can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from external weather conditions to internal design and construction issues. Here are some of the most common causes of dampness in buildings: 1. Exterior Weather Conditions: Rain, snow, and high humidity can all contribute to dampness in buildings. Water...
Following are the major components:- 1) Step: It is the combination of tread and rise. 2) Rise: The vertical height between two treads is known as rise. 3) Tread: The horizontal upper portion of the step on which the foot is placed for ascending and descending is known as tread....
S.No. Brick Masonry Stone Masonry 1. They are of uniform shape and size. They are not of uniform shape and size 2. They are light in weight. They are heavy. 3. They do not require any dressing. They require dressing. 4. Bricks are easily available. Stones are not easily available....
The formwork is also known as temporary structure used in the construction work. The term ‘formwork’ refers to a temporary mould for the structure into which concrete is placed and formed so that it can harden and mature to the required shape. In building work, the cost of formwork is upto...
The earthquake resistant buildings are planned in the following ways: (i) Symmetry: The building as a whole or its individual blocks should be kept symmetrical about both axes. Asymmetry leads to torsion during earthquakes and is very dangerous; symmetry is also desirable in the arrangement and size of door and...
Location of Doors and Windows: (i) The number of doors should be kept to a minimum for each room, as a greater number will cause obstruction and reduce the utility of the accommodation. The location and size of the door should be based on functional requirements. (ii) The location of...
