Concrete is the most extensive material consisting of cement, sand, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, and it hardens when mixed with water. During the formation of the concrete mix ratio, we can add whether the plasticizer is an accelerating/retarding plasticizers, which depends on the consideration of the design mix ratio....
The correct choice of building materials is important for all types of construction projects. Especially in buildings, if the materials are selected properly, it can make a huge difference in engineering costs, maintenance costs, durability, etc. Sound products are only possible with sound materials, so materials are the key to...
Mix design is a process of determining the quality of the correct materials and their relative proportions to prepare the concrete for the desired properties such as workability, strength, set time, and durability. The quantity of concrete materials, such as cement, sand and aggregate, used to produce the required quantity...
Reinforced concrete contains steel embedded in concrete, so these two materials complement each other to resist the forces of tension, shear, and compression in the concrete structure. Ordinary plain concrete can withstand compressive stress, but cannot well withstand the tension and stress caused by wind, earthquake, and vibration. The term...
Bitumen, is also known as asphalt in the United States, is a substance produced through the distillation of crude oil that is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties. Bitumen is the most important binding material for the construction of flexible pavement, which gives more strength than other materials used...
OBJECTIVE Determination of specific gravity of soil solids by pycnometer method. REFERENCE STANDARD IS : 2720 (Part 4) – 1985 – Method of test for soil (Part 4-Grain size analysis) EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS The major equipment used in this test is Pycnometer. It is a glass jar of 1 litre...
AIM: To determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) – 1985. PRINCIPLE: The liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which soil behaves practically like a liquid, but has small shear strength. It’s flow closes the groove in just 25 blows in...
AIM: To determine the specific gravity of fine-grained soil by density bottle method as per IS: 2720 (Part III/Sec 1) – 1980. PRINCIPLE: Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of a material at a standard temperature to the weight in air of...
When a number of forces acts on a body, or group of bodies, they form a system of forces or force system. Depending upon the orientation of forces acting on a body the system of forces will be classified as: (i) Coplanar Force System: When lines of action of all...
It is an instrument which is used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angles up to 10′ or 20′. Theodolite is used for following purposes: to measure horizontal angle and vertical angles. Theodolite is of two types: (1) Transit theodolite (2) Non-transit theodolite. (1) Transit Theodolite: In this...
The instruments required to carry out the plane table survey are as follows: • Plane table: It consists of board, 750×600 mm and about 25 mm thick. It is mounted on a tripod. • Alidade: This is the instrument, about 45 cm long which is used on the plane table...
Figure shows the sketch of a dumpy level. It is very simple, stable and easy to use. It consist of telescope, which is fixed with the supports and hence, it is not possible to rotate it about its own axis. A long bubble tube is attached to the top of...
S.No. Direct Method Indirect Method 1. In this method, the contours are directly located on the ground and the points of given contour are marked on the ground. In this method, levelling work is carried out in the field and location of contour points is done in the office. 2....
Before we start, we all know that trusses classification is based on their rigidity. A under rigid truss is one in which number of members are not sufficient to maintain the stability of structure under external loading. Here if number of members (n) is less than (2j-3), the truss is...
Truss may be defined as a structure made up of several bars joined together at their ends. These bars which are made up of angles or channel sections are called members of the truss. Various members of a truss are joined together byriveting, welding or by nuts and bolts. However,...
